Types of reactions

• Combustion: Combustion is the formation of CO2 and H2O from the reaction of a chemical and O2
• Combination (synthesis): Combination is the addition of 2 or more simple reactants to form a complex product.
• Decomposition: Decomposition is when complex reactants are broken down into simpler products.
• Single Displacement: Single displacement is when an element from on reactant switches with an element of the other to form two new reactants.
• Double Displacement: Double displacement is when two elements from on reactants switched with two elements of the other to form two new reactants.
• Acid-Base: Acid- base reactions are when two reactants form salts and water.

Definition of Stoichiometery

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative data. In Greek, stoikhein means element and metron means measure, so stoichiometry literally translated means the measure of elements.

Double replacement

In a double replacement reaction, the anions and cations of two compounds switch places and form two entirely different compounds.^[18] These reactions are in the general form:^[19]

For example, when barium chloride (BaCl₂) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) react, the SO₄²⁻ anion switches places with the 2Cl⁻ anion, giving the compounds BaSO₄ and MgCl₂.

Another example of a double displacement reaction is the reaction of lead(II) nitrate with potassium iodide to form lead(II) iodide and potassium nitrate:

Decomposion

A decomposition reaction is when a more complex substance breaks down into its more simple parts. It is thus the opposite of a synthesis reaction, and can be written as.

One example of a decomposition reaction is the electrolysis of water to make oxygen and hydrogen gas:

more on chemical reactions

A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that only involve the positions of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no change to the nuclei (no change to the elements present), and can often be described by a chemical equation. Nuclear chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that involves the chemical reactions of unstable and radioactive elements where both electronic and nuclear changes may occur.

beginning chemical reactions

The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants.

converting representative particals

We must convert representative partials by using Avogadro's number 6.02x10(23).

Representative partials to moles: 1 mole
                                                       6.02x10(23)

moles to representative partials: 6.02x10(23)
                                                       1 mole

Converting mass to moles

Today we learned about converting mass to moles. This is done through a convertion formula.

to convert moles to mass: atomic mass (g)
                                          1 mole

to convert mass to moles: 1 mole
                                          atomic mass

atomic mass is found on the periodic table

Stoichiometry lesson packet

Today we learned about Stoichiometry. It was very much like past lessons and was easy to grasp. It was cool to see all of our past lessons come together like that. 

Stoichiometry

Today we took the Stoichiometry test. I knew the material. But I kept getting some wrong answers for some of the problems. I was confused because I was doing all the problems right. So it was most likely my nomenclature that was getting in the way.

RedOx

Today we learned about the different types of RedOx. This includes synthesis, decomposition, Single replacement reactions, and combustion. They are different from double replacement reactions because they have a different chart we need to use. 

Solubility Lab fun

Today we did the solubility rules lab. It was a lot of fun to see chemical reactions take place right in front of us and knowing that I made that happen. I learned a lot about the solubility rules in this lab because they were essential to doing the lab. 

Empirical formula

Today we learned empirical formulas! An empirical formula is finding the subscripts to a chemical formula. These are the steps to finding the empirical formula.

1st: calculate the empirical formula mass

2nd: divide thee E.F. mass into the gram formula mass and get a whole number.

3rd: distribute the whole number to the empirical formula.

Formula of a chloride

Today we did the lab Formula of a chloride.  First we measured the weight of the beaker in grams. Then we added zinc to the beaker and measured its weight. Then we added HCl to react with zinc as we heated it. Then once all the liquid was gone. we measured the weight of the remaining material.

Pre lab for hydrant

Today we did the Hydrant lab. My partner and I failed to pass the Pre lab but the concept was not that hard. Its some pretty simple math that you need to do for it. I completed the lab with the given data from Mrs. Frankenburg fairly quickly.

pre test for chemical composion

This test was very hard. I arrived a little late first of all but time wasn't the issue on this test. I had absolutely no clue what this unit was about. I didn't know the main thing in this pre-test. We previously didn't learn on how to convert from moles to mass and mass to moles and the test had like 30 of those questions. The only thing I did on this test was guessing. I knew about the last couple questions as they didn't have to ado much about moles. I have never used moles before so I didn't know what to do with them. A mole is a pretty big number and I have no idea what it represents. I am not looking forward to this unit. I don't like the fact that we have two tough units in a row and that could be terrible for my grade. I actually did surprisingly well on my unit exam for last unit, which was measurement. I think my grade is safe but, not for long...

main meal 2

Ingredients:
237ml light corn syrup
113 grams sugar
59ml butter melted
5ml vanilla
3 ovum
227 grams semi-sweet chocolate chips
340 grams pecan halves



heat oven to 163C. in large bowl combine corn syrup sugar margarine vanilla and ovum, beat well. spread evenly into, pie crust lined, pie pan. bake at 163C for 55-65 minutes. cool completely.

main meal 1

This is my main course, it is complicated because the food i chose is a pie. So I labeled the crust as my main course.



Ingredients:
454 grams all purpose flour
4 grams of salt
152 grams shortening
105 ml ice water



in medium bowl combine flour and salt. then cut shortening into flour. sprinkle flour mixture with ice water 15 ml at a time. add until dough is moist enough to form a ball. then roll out into flat sheets.

Appetizer

Ingredients:

907 grams of apples
237ml of water
113 grams of sugar
4.2 grams of cinnamon

In a heavy pot heat apples and liquid over low heat. cook about 20-30 minutes depending on variety until apples are very tender.

Meal Conversion

These are my meal project three recipes. If you open them you will see my edits to the recipes.

Appatizer

Main Meal 1

Main Meal 2

Dimensional analysis

today we learned how convert one unit to another by using a formula. we also learned that counted quantities and exact numbers together have infinite significant digits.

Density=mass/volume

Density gas= G/L

Density solid= G/cm3

Density liquid= G/mL

k=c+273.15

f=9/5(c)+32

c=5/9(f-32)

Accuracy versus precision

Accuracy: refers to the proximity of a measurement to the true value of the quantity.

"every number written in scientific notion is significant."-Mrs. Frankenburg

today we talked about the difference between accuracy and precision. accuracy is how close the numbers are to each other. precision is how close to the target number it is.

Aspirin Lab 2

After you have mixed all of your chemicals your put it in a water bath.  Then add ice cold distilled water. Then let it sit overnight. If crystals do not begin to from then scratch the side of the glass to induce crystallization. Then separate out the aspirin.

Aspirin Lab 1

Today we finished making our aspirin. The process is fairly simple, first you start by getting your acetic anhydride (C4H6O3) and adding Salicylic Acid (C7H6O3).

Apsrin Lab review

Today we learned about the process of making aspirin. It seems pretty dangerous. So im kinda scared because we are handling dangerous materials.

Half life test

Yesterday I took the half life test. I understood everything on the test. It was easy and I feel like i did very well on it.

Half life lab

Today my partner and I turned in our Half Life Lab. It was a struggle until I had Mrs. Frankenburg explain it to me. Then it was a breeze. I learned how to apply half life's of radioactive atoms to the real world.

atomic mass and structure test

We just took the test for everything we have learned so far. I studied for three nights before it so I was confident about the test. When I started tacking the test I realized that I knew the material and after that it was a breeze.

Bean Lab Excitement!

Today we did the Bean lab. I was excited because I pased the pre lab test that I fervently studied for. I was over all thaty we learned about atomic mass and finding avg. atomic mass.

atomic mass leson

Today in class we went over information about the particles inside the smallest things on Earth- atoms. We reviewed the charges of the particles, positive protons, neutral neutrons, and negative electrons. We covered the masses of these particles, such as protons and neutrons both equal 1amu, while the tiny electron equals 1/1840amu.

 

Atomic Structure and Radioactivity

Today I learned  about the structure of an atom. And how it evolved into what we have today. I also learned about how to calculate the atomic mass of an atom. This is done by combining the weight of the electrons, neutrons, and protons.

Pre-Test Jitters!

Today we took the pretest for the new section we are heading into this week. It was on Atomic Structure and Radioactivity. I knew nothing on the test. But i look forward to learning about this subject.

nomenclature number 2

In the last section of nomenclature we learned how to name acids. An acid is a poly atomic ion that has a positive hydrogen atom. This hydrogen atom must be shared with other compounds in order for it to be an acid. If it does not have an oxygen atom in it. It is named with a hydro-ic. Hydro-  for the beginning and -ic at the end.  if the original compound without the hydrogen ended in -ate the ending of the acid is -ic.  If the original compound ended in -ite then the acid ends in -ous.

nomenclature number 1

In the nomenclature section we learned about the 3 different types of  poly atomic ions. Type 1 which is a Binary compound is where a cation and anion join together and form a bond. Type 2 is where two nonmetals join together and form a bond. You must use roman numerals to name them. The last type is Type 3 in which multiple metals and nonmetals join together to form a bond. Some have special names which must be memorized.

Flea Bites

Info on Flea Bites:

HmamelisVirginiana  aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin irritations is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including dermatitis.

The proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Food Poisoning

Info on Food Poisoning:

Sanguinaria aka (Bloodroot)

This toxic plant is found throughout Missouri.

Sanguinarine is an active chemical in bloodroot that enables it to kill many pathogens. That includes those of which can give you food poisoning. the following picture contains the chemical structure of sanguinarine.





Bloodroot can be  used to kill pathogens on the skin or in the digestive tract.

Boil 1 teaspoon of bloodroot rhizome (roots) to a cup of water. Let it steep for 20 minutes. Drink 3 times daily. This will rid your intestines of pathogens. But, it will also kill the necessary bacteria for digesting food.

burns from fire

Info on Burns from Fire:

HmamelisVirginiana  aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin irritations is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including dermatitis.

The proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Poison Ivy

Info on Poison Ivy:


Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin from burns and poison ivy is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including frostbite.

the proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Dermatitis

Info on Dermatitis:

Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin irritations is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including dermatitis.

The proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Broken Bone

Info on Broken Bone:

Symphytum Officale aka (Comfrey)

This magical healing plant is found throughout our state. Inclueding the tall grass prairie and eastern deciduous forests.

Allantoin is the active chemical in this plant that heals broken bones. This chemical stimulates cell growth.



This plant can be used on cuts, broken bones, and skin aliments.

The best way to utilize the healing powers of the Comfrey you will need to make a poultice. Ingesting this plant could be deadly so is best to absorbed by the skin. Start by crushing up the leaves into a mushy substance and put into a cloth. Then tie the cloth around the effected area. Make sure that the Comfrey mush is touching your skin.

Gunshot Wound

Info on Gunshot Wound:

Opuntia Humifusa aka (prickly pear cactus)

This sharp plant is found scattered throughout Missouri.

There is no active chemical but instead we are just using the sharp needles on the plant to sew up wounds.

To prepare the needle just cut the needle off the plant and sanitize it.

It can be used to sew up wounds. This plant is also edible.



Yucca Glauca aka (Soapweed Yucca)

This plant is found throughout Missouri.

The way this plant is used is by making thread to sew up an wound.

You must separate the threads individually to make a long enough thread. By tying them together.



Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns, frostbite,and incect stings and bites is Flavon. The Chemical that is used to treat cuts is Gallic acid. Which helps to close up wounds. 



This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including tick bites.

The proper way to apply this plant for cuts is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Sunburns

Info on Sunburns:

HmamelisVirginiana  aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin irritations is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including dermatitis.

The proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Toothache

Info on Toothache:

Ulmus Rubra aka (Slippery Elm)

This awesome plant is found throughout Missouri. Including the tall grass prairie and eastern deciduous forests.

Slippery Elm contains a substance called mucilage, which is a polysaccharide that becomes a gel when mixed with water. The mucilage comes from the inner bark of the tree and is a bit slippery and slimy. 

The inner bark can be used to treat a sore throat, diarrhea, and toothaches. For sore throats and diarrhea. Make  a tea out of the the inside of the bark by adding finely ground insides of the bark to hot water. A tea does a good job of soothing the mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines, causing relief from things.

Make a poultice to treat toothaches and lesions. Do this by adding coarsely ground insides of the bark to hot water and let become gelatinous.

Burns from Oil

Info on Burns from Oil:


Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns and frostbite is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including frostbite.

the proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Deep Puncture Wound

Info on Deep Puncture Wound:

Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns, frostbite,and incect stings and bites is Flavon. The Chemical that is used to treat cuts is Gallic acid. Which helps to close up wounds. 



This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including tick bites.

The proper way to apply this plant for cuts is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Blisters

Info on Blisters:

Ulmus Rubra aka (Slippery Elm)

This awesome plant is found throughout Missouri. Including the tall grass prairie and eastern deciduous forests.

Slippery Elm contains a substance called mucilage, which is a polysaccharide that becomes a gel when mixed with water. The mucilage comes from the inner bark of the tree and is a bit slippery and slimy. The mucil
The inner bark can be used to treat a sore throat, diarrhea, and toothaches. For sore throats and diarrhea. Make  a tea out of the the inside of the bark by adding finely ground insides of the bark to hot water. Lesions and toothaches mage does a good job of soothing the mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines, causing relief from things.
ake a poultice. Do this by adding coarsely ground insides of the bark to hot water and let become gelatinous.

Snake Bite

Info on Snake Bite:

Echinacea Purpurea

This plant has the abilities to boost the immune system and has anti-venom properties.

This plant is found in both the tall grass prairie and eastern deciduous forests.

Cichoric acid the main active ingredient in the Echinacea purpurea. It works as a an antioxidant.



This plant can be used to cure many biological infections. It also can can be used to fight poisonous snake bites.

A tincture is normally used to treat a snake bite that is venomous. These are what you will need to make a tincture from echinacea.

1 1-pint glass jar (make sure it is clean)
¼ cup dried Echinacea
1 pint vodka

pour the one pint of vodka over the top of the dried echinacea roots. Then wait for a few days if necessary for the chemicals to be drawn out of the roots. Then drink from underneath your tongue so that it can be absorbed quickly.

Axe Wound

Info on Axe Wound:

Opuntia Humifusa aka (prickly pear cactus)

This sharp plant is found scattered throughout Missouri.

There is no active chemical but instead we are just using the sharp needles on the plant to sew up wounds.

To prepare the needle just cut the needle off the plant and sanitize it.

It can be used to sew up wounds. This plant is also edible.



Yucca Glauca aka (Soapweed Yucca)

This plant is found throughout Missouri.

The way this plant is used is by making thread to sew up an wound.

You must separate the threads individually to make a long enough thread. By tying them together.



Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns, frostbite,and incect stings and bites is Flavon. The Chemical that is used to treat cuts is Gallic acid. Which helps to close up wounds. 



This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including tick bites.

The proper way to apply this plant for cuts is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Knife Cut

Info on Knife Cut:

Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns, frostbite,and insect stings and bites is Flavon. The Chemical that is used to treat cuts is Gallic acid. Which helps to close up wounds. 



This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including tick bites. It c an also be used to clean out a flesh wound.

The proper way to apply this plant for cuts is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area using a poultice. To clean a flesh wound with witch hazel you must make a tea. The way that you make witch hazel tea is that you boil the leaves and/or the bark in a pot of water, then cover and let the mixture stand for about 45 minutes. This ensures that the herbal drink is at its full strength so that you get all of the healthy benefits from it.

Sunburn

Info on Sunburn:

Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns and frostbite is Flavon.


This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including frostbite.

the proper way to apply this plant for skin irritations is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Bear Attack

Info on Bear Attack (large flesh wounds):

Opuntia Humifusa aka (prickly pear cactus)

This sharp plant is found scattered throughout Missouri.

There is no active chemical but instead we are just using the sharp needles on the plant to sew up wounds.

To prepare the needle just cut the needle off the plant and sanitize it.

It can be used to sew up wounds. This plant is also edible.



Yucca Glauca aka (Soapweed Yucca)

This plant is found throughout Missouri.

The way this plant is used is by making thread to sew up an wound.

You must separate the threads individually to make a long enough thread. By tying them together.



Hmamelis Virginiana aka (witch hazel)

This plant is found throughout Missouri including both the tall grass prairies and the eastern deciduous forest.

This plant brings use to a chemical flowing throughout it called tannins. The main ingredient that helps heal and protect skin for burns, frostbite,and incect stings and bites is Flavon. The Chemical that is used to treat cuts is Gallic acid. Which helps to close up wounds. 



This plant can also help get rid of bacteria that could cause in many wounds including tick bites.

The proper way to apply this plant for cuts is to crush the leaves into a paste and apply directly to the effected area.

Fungus Infections

Info on Fungus Infections:

Sanguinaria aka (Bloodroot)

This toxic plant is found throughout Missouri.

Sanguinarine is an active chemical in bloodroot that enables it to kill many pathogens. That includes those of which can give you food poisoning. the following picture contains the chemical structure of sanguinarine





Bloodroot can be  used to kill pathogens on the skin or in the digestive tract.

Boil 1 teaspoon of bloodroot rhizome (roots) to a cup of water. Let it steep for 20 minutes. Drink 3 times daily. This will rid your intestines of pathogens. But, it will also kill the necessary bacteria for digesting food.